Nuclear Power And Radioactivity

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Chernobyl (Belarus): the reactors were old and unsafe. New designs of reactor may reduce the likelihood of a disaster (‘safer’), but whatever the delusion the energy source remains the same. The beast may be contained within a more secure cell though if the beast escapes... it's the same beast. Water is water or gold is still gold. The Fukushima Daiishi disaster in Japan illustrates the continuing threat with nuclear power.

• Is anyone curious or really worried by the fact that cancers have been escalating over recent decades? The acceleration of any natural uncontrolled growth (tumour) has the generic term: ‘cancer’. Could it be that the continual emission of radiation over the last few decades has ultimately become so noticeable it can no longer be hidden?

• No nuclear installation is absolutely ‘leak-proof’.

Thorium fuel cycle - an alternative?

• Nuclear weapons cannot be made using thorium and that fact alone should explain why thorium will never be used even though it presents a safer energy source.

Any journey must always begin with the first step and that there is a growing disquiet about nuclear power can only be a good thing and the journey appears to be pointing in the right direction. The real problem will be removing mankind’s total reliance on power and energy and as the population size relentlessly increases without much concern the prospect of continued (human) life on Earth seems to be inevitably doomed.

The Fukushima ‘event’ has been upgraded to the maximal Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The Richter magnitude scale (a measure of earthquake violence) is only a single digit change, but represents a 10 fold (up or down) movement. It’s logarithmic, so from Level 5 to Level 6 defines a x 10 upward change or a Level 5 to Level 7 is a x 100 ( = 10 x 10) increase. This can be used politically to give the impression of a small change, though in fact is very different. Level 5 -> Level 6 or Level 5 -> Level 7 is not so dramatic as the respective 10 or 100-fold increase and the interpretation could be used to downplay the real situation. Chernobyl was a Level 7 event.

One country may have a different attitude to nuclear power, but that can never be enough. A disaster and an unfavorable wind can very quickly contaminate neighbouring areas. Continued air movement then eventually contaminates the entire planet. And very quickly. Dilution of the original source as it spreads simply contaminates everywhere. How much infection is necessary to cause a pandemic (Black Death)? This has the a similar mechanism as the spread of carbon dioxide.

• Why is the spread of all cancers ( = Cancer) continuing to increase and only in recent decades? The atmospheric pollution of radioactive material is forever present. The entire global population has been contaminated for at least a generation (or two - DA). And the next generation grows with the biological (DNA) changes caused by radiation

• The next generation has corrupted DNA and the hereditary nature of genetics means that the next generation and (probably) several after that are doomed to grow with changed DNA. It's already too late to stop the world-wide spread of damage, but it could (at least in theory - DA) be contained

Radiation sickness is understood to occur after about a 1 sievert = 1000 mSv exposure (dose). Severe radiation sickness is caused after a 2000 mSv exposure and death after 4000 mSv. In Britain background radiation (from rocks, soils, food, the air...) is estimated to be 2.7 mSv per year. Of this, the man-made contribution (medical imaging) amounts to around 20%.

• This itself forces an issue: the use of such a radiation source to examine the human biological system could theoretically contaminate where there is no evidence of exposure to radiation. Searching for evidence of exposure actually leaves the previously non-existent evidence.

The radiation levels around the Fukushima plant range between 0.003 mSv and 0.005 mSV per hour. The average (0.004 mSv/hour) then equates to 35000 mSv/year. Placed in relative perspective: 35,000/2.7 = 12963 times the UK-dose. The Fukushima Level 7 represents the UK annual background radiation dose exposure within only a few hours.

Fast Driving And Increased Fuel Cost

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Car Fuel Efficiency
Economical Driving
Economical Driving - The Physics
Fuel Consumption Ratings
Head Injury
Improvement
Internal Combustion Engine

Economical Driving and the differences between 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80mph (v) have considerable consequences with respect to fuel consumption. Assuming the same car, the only real change is the actual speed and the resultant wind resistance (proportional to ½mv²) and since the mass is (relatively) the same, it can be ignored.

Increased speed is matched with increased frictional forces, though probably the effect is minimal compared to the increase in wind resistance created by speed. The inertia to get the vehicle moving will be ignored even though it is technically the resistance to rotation. The horizontal motion and the downward vertical pull by gravity combine to create an overall downward force. This will not disappear as the forces remain in operation  This is similar in principle to the forces on an orbiting satellite around a planet: the constant pull towards the planet as it moves away from the planet results in orbit around the planet. Frictional and gravitational forces are a constant. It is the stop/start and slowing/acceleration that causes the massive increase in consumption as the rate of change in the motion of the mass of the vehicle is constantly altering.

Speed/Time Taken (½mv²)

30mph: 100 miles = 200 mins (450)
40mph: 100 miles = 150 mins (800)
50mph: 100 miles = 120 mins (1250)
60mph: 100 miles = 100 mins (1800)
70mph: 100 miles =   85 mins (2450)
80mph: 100 miles =   75 mins (3200)

• Time to travel 100 miles at constant speed 
• Resistance ≡ ½mv² (ignoring the mass and comparing the relative value, this is regarded as dimensionless)

Doubling speed results in a much greater energy requirement. That increase between 30mph and 60mph results in x4. Energy is proportional to v²/2 or (30 x 30)/2 = 450 and (60 x 60)/2 = 1800. The change between 40mph and 80mph also represents a doubling of speed with an increase of x4 resistance (800 and 3200). Both may halve the journey time, 200 mins -> 100 mins and 150 mins -> 75 mins, but to create this time saving for a speed increase x2.67, the fuel consumption difference between 30mph and 80mph is x7.11. In terms of energy (fuel used), even a x2 speed increase will result in consumption x4. Considering the higher speeds (60mph and 80mph), the fuel cost overhead is 7.11/4 = x1.78, an increase of 78% (4 + 3.11) for a speed increase of just 33% (60mph -> 80mph) and the actual journey time for the 100 miles is reduced by just 25 mins (100 mins at 60mph and 75 mins at 80mph = 25%), but the cost is raised considerably (+78%), more than x3 as much. Even the small 10 min time saving on the 100 mile journey (at constant speed) between 70mph and 80mph will have a large jump of 30% in the cost (3200/2450 = 1.3).

• If there were to be a 30% hike in train fares to save 10 minutes on a 100 mile journey, there would be many complaints. When it comes to cars, a different mind-set can exist.

Travelling (legally) at 30mph or 70mph may increase speed by x2.33, but fuel consumption (increased wind resistance) jumps by x5.44 (2450/450) and a higher speed always costs more than slower speeds for the same vehicle. The only saving is time and can never be cost. A heavier vehicle costs considerably more at all speeds since a greater weight has to be propelled. The inertia involved with (stop/start) town driving makes the larger vehicle costlier. Large vehicles about town will always be more expensive, especially with heavy acceleration. A benefit of the long distance journey is that the overall inertia (getting the vehicle moving) is less. Another would be that the operating temperature for maximum efficiency is reached and maintained throughout the journey. Short journeys can never reach the optimum operating temperature. Once moving (from standstill), the inertia is effectively zero. But friction (contact of tyres with the road) is constant. Higher speeds result in more friction (tyres get hotter at speed) and without the constant application of power (fuel consumption), drag forces (friction, wind resistance and gravity pulling the mass downwards) would cause the vehicle to come to a standstill.

It is quite illustrative to compare short town driving journeys. Real journeys would involve frequent slow/stop, start/accelerate cycles and the inertia involved at each speed rate change would escalate all the following values significantly:

• 30mph for 1 mile = 2.0 mins
• 40mph for 1 mile = 1.5 mins

The time saving is just 30 seconds for the 33% speed increase. The fuel consumption at 30mph = (30 x 30)/2 = 450. The amount at 40mph = (40 x 40)/2 = 800. The difference is 350, so the extra fuel used in the 30 seconds faster driving is (800 - 450)/450 = 78%.

• 30mph for 1 mile = 2.0 mins
• 50mph for 1 mile = 1.2 mins

A time saving is increased to 50 seconds, but the fuel cost is much greater. 30mph = (30 x 30)/2 = 450, but at 50mph = (50 x 50)/2 = 1250. The extra fuel is then (1250 - 450)/450 = 178%.

Even a moderate (10mph) speed increase of 40mph to 50mph results in a significant fuel cost:

• 40mph for 1 mile = 1.5 mins
• 50mph for 1 mile = 1.2 mins

The time saving is just 30 seconds, but the fuel load increases by (40 x 40)/2 = 800 and (50 x 50)/2 = 1250 and (1250 - 800)/800 = 56%.

The raised stress level of the 'pushy' and confrontational driver is really unnecessary. Rapid approach to a red traffic light and 'tail-gating' when intimidation is the goal: the stupid and ignorant attempt at bullying and such people have a major psychological deficit. Intelligence is patently lacking. It is absurd to reach a stop at a red light by getting to the light quicker than a moderate approach by which time the light is more likely to have turned green. This would not require a stop/start cycle and the associated inertia and the likelihood is that the overall (short) journey time could be much the same. The energy difference between a few 100s metres at 40km/h or the same distance by natural deceleration (drag forces) to (or nearing) 0km/h can be significant. The time saving is an illusion.

Consider the relatively fast approach to a red traffic light over 400m at 40km/h. The duration is 36 seconds [40000m in 3600 seconds or 400m in 36 seconds] and then heavy braking to a standstill (0km/h).

A more moderate approach:

• 200m at 40km/h (18 seconds), then 100m at 30km/h (12 seconds), 50m at 20km/h (9 seconds) and final 50m at 10km/h (18 seconds). The result is the same: final speed = 0km/h over 400m , but the time difference is then between 36 seconds (fast approach) and (18 + 12 + 9 + 18) = 57 seconds (moderate approach). This may achieve a reduction of 21 seconds for reaching the red light, but it's waiting time at the same red light. The (relative) energy used (≡ ½v²) is much more significant: 800 for 36 seconds = 28800 vs (800 x 18 = 14400) + (450 x 12 = 5400) + (200 x 9 = 1800) + (50 x 18 = 900)  or a total of 22500 = 22% less energy (fuel). The faster approach has the benefit of waiting at a red light for an extra 21 seconds. The natural deceleration by drag forces, that requires no fuel, also has the benefit of less wear on brakes.

If the driving technique involves a fast approach, then over time the additional fuel cost is very considerable. If the vehicle is heavier, the cost escalates significantly.

• To 'benefit' from the higher-end of published performance data that 'sell' expensive cars, the cost overhead is enormous. Wealthy people probably don't notice (or care), but those buyers using credit and loan facilities, probably don't realise the cost trap being entered. 'Filling the tank' with ever-more expensive petrol will be an extraordinary wake-up call. The enormous mistake that could be made.

Egos are more expensive to run than

the extreme performance car

Travelling at 20mph near schools commonly meets with a lot of resistance. The 'inconvenience' of just a few seconds at the slower speed is enough to potentially kill or seriously injure a child (or any person).

• 50m at 20mph takes (about 32km/h) takes less than 6 seconds. To travel the same distance driving at 30mph (48km/h) would take under 4 seconds. The 'inconvenience' equates to a staggering 2 seconds.

Allegedly, reduced fuel economy is likely. No evidence or calculation is given to back up such a statement. That is absolutely not good enough. The arguments outlined on these pages:

Car Fuel Efficiency
Economical Driving
Economical Driving - The Physics
Fuel Consumption Ratings

makes such a statement outrageous. To travel slower and an increased fuel load? Impossible. The description suggests a lot of stop/start cycles on possibly a busy road. Whether 10, 20 or 30 mph (average), the fuel load would inevitably be high. The actual driving conditions are rather vague: up hill in 2nd gear at 20mph or driving faster in (presumably) a lower gear defines an increased momentum. This cannot possibly make driving any 'safer' when the collision impact between a hard (vehicle) with a soft (human) body is being considered. The relative kinetic energy (difference) between the two speeds (20mph and 30mph) for the same (mass) vehicle is x2.25 (v²/2):

(20 x 20)/2 vs (30 x 30)/2

= 200 vs 450 = x2.25

The momentum (mv) of an object (vehicle) travelling at the faster speed relative to a stationary object (human) is increased by a factor of x1.5 (20mph -> 30mph).

• The easiest way to see this in action is to ride a 'bike. The muscular power required to make the machine move effectively translates directly to the fuel load an engine requires. The fatigue through exertion graphically illustrates how work varies with conditions.

Pyramid Geometry

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The dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza possess some fascinating connections. Pi (π) is defined as the ratio of the diameter of a circle to its circumference (3.14159265...). The Fibonacci number (phi) is derived from the sequence 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610... where the sum of two preceding numbers gives the next number in the series. One number divided by the previous value moves towards phi and becomes ever closer to (approx) 1.6180339: or (√5 + 1 )/2. But why √5 and not some other relationship? But... it works and is therefore empirical as an irrational number (π is an irrational number). These two constants (π and phi) are related and appear in the pyramid shape. This combines the dimensions of the circle with the triangle.

One-half the base width (a =  ...144, 233, 377...) and the corresponding slope [hypotenuse] (h = ...233, 377, 610... ) provide the angle θ (144/233, 233/377, 377/610... a/h = a constant nearing 0.618034). In terms of the trigonometric ratio, arccos θ = 0.618034 gives θ = 51.83º. This is the angle of the pyramid slope. The height (o) for a base pyramid base width of 754ft yields a x tanθ or height = 377 x 1.2729 = 489.9ft. The value of π = 4a/height (1508/479.9) = 3.142 and this always applies: eg a = 144 and h = 233 (a/h = 0.618) gives height as 233 x 1.2729 = 296.586ft or π = (233 x 4)/296.586 = 3.14242749.... See Pi, Phi and Fibonacci Numbers.

• All the values are (rounded-up) approximations

Earth-Land Velocity

• The movement of land over or through a primordial surface would be like being dragged through treacle, but the hotter the submerged fluid, the more mobile it will be.

• The dateline is defined as being before the appearance of water.

Lat      km/hr       Rel vel
(deg)  

90          0            00.0%  <- North polar axis
80        289          17.3% (* = 289/1668)
70        570          34.2% (* = 570/1668)
60        834          50.0% (* = 834/1668)
50        1072        64.3% (* = 1072/1668)
40        1278        76.6% (* = 1278/1668)
30        1444        86.6% (* = 1444/1668)
20        1568        94.0% (* = 1568/1668)
10        1643        98.5% (* = 1643/1668)
  0        1668        100%    <- Equator
10        1643        98.5% (* = 1643/1668)
20        1568        94.0% (* = 1568/1668)
30        1444        86.6% (* = 1444/1668)
40        1278        76.6% (* = 1278/1668)
50        1072        64.3% (* = 1072/1668)
60        834          50.0% (* = 834/1668)
70        570          34.2% (* = 570/1668)
80        289          17.3% (* = 289/1668)
90         0             00.0%   <- South polar axis

* %age equatorial velocity

• It is a feature of Earth (an oblate spheroid) that at 60deg from either pole (90deg), the velocity is 50% the equatorial value.

These figures show a curved (pseudo-linear) relationship between latitudes, but clearly demonstrate increasing velocity towards the equator. At one-third of the angular distance from the pole (60deg) towards the equator (0deg), the velocity is half the equatorial value (834km/h and 1668km/h). Each latitudinal separation is 15deg. This illustrates the reason for S. America being the shape it is and its altered coastline contour from N. America. Patagonia is relatively slow moving compared to the eastern coast of Brazil at the equator that moves the fastest. The Peruvian and Chilean coastlines would be straighter without the exaggerated curve centred around Bolivia. Mexico would be pulled eastward caused by the velocity differential (northern Mexico: 30deg = 1444km/h  -> southern Mexico: 20deg = 1568km/h [differerntial: 124km/h] and the difference between Cuba/Dominican Republic: 20deg = 1568km/h and north Venezuela coast: 10deg = 1643km/h. The further towards the equator the relative velocity differential reduces, but the actual velocity still increases.

All of this does enable some remarkable conclusions to be drawn with respect to the N. American and the S. American coastlines. In fact, every land mass on the planet and throws the ('established') Pangaea theory into considerable confusion, even though the concept may be valid in principle (future communication).

Small Bites

The following lists are the growing compilation of some issues that time does not allow for an in-depth analysis and are not necessarily chronological.

  

Some articles are, however, linked to more complete entries.

001 - 099
100 - 198 (Last Updated: 26th November 2011)

Small Bites: 100 - 198

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100. The number of cells in the human body is estimated to be over 100 trillion (10^14):

100,000,000,000,000

The body is a finite size, yet the extent of the Universe is completely unknowable. The 'estimated' number of stars in only the known Universe is (probably) between 10^22 and 10^24. But this can be only pure speculation. In a dark room there is no way of knowing how far away the walls may be.


101. Fission bomb: a single, large atom (uranium) splits releasing a huge quantity of energy and this atom required that amount of energy in its formation. Fusion bomb is the opposite. Hydrogen atoms combine yielding helium and energy. As war-machine devices (bombs), both explode outwards. When this implodes, the energy is used to compress matter. No expansion, no noise by sound shock wave. This gives a quiet and smooth energy supply of enormous yield. An engine for launching spacecraft capable of unimaginable speed. Harnessing a lightning bolt retains fantastic energy levels for later use. The number of storms around the planet at any one time would provide enough energy for all for a very long time.


102. Amorphous solids come out of solution from molten rock (a mixture of inorganic compounds) since they cannot crystallise. The concentration of any one compound is not sufficient to allow true crystallisation.

103. The elegant simplicity of the digestion system, the conversion of foodstuffs into energy and its transport to every cell that number trillions. Enzymatic degradation and dilution of complex matter into its constituent parts with the eventual recovery of water before removal of waste matter.

104. The Big Bang needed space to expand into. Or the pressure wave (in all directions) pushed its way to 'create' space.

105. The arrogance of Man is borne in the belief that as the species languishing at the top as the most advanced, sophisticated and intelligent, the blindness of denial explains the obvious oversight that evolution continues in spite of Man. All the support drugs and crutches to sustain an ever faltering species, the evolutionary adaptations overtake a species in decline. Evolution involves change and Man resists change not realising that evolutionary changes and adaptations can happen spontaneously.

106. An ancient virus released from frozen water is as dangerous as a new one. The current status to resistance is disadvantaged to deal with either scenario. Any evolutionary adaptation would be ineffective at withstanding the old.

107. Urine is the most abundant waste product on Earth? No. Composed mostly of water it cannot be waste. The dissolved components may be, but water? Never. It is a life force. The irony is clear.

108. Alcohol problems:

• 125,000 fuelled domestic violence incidents
• 2,000,000 related domestic violence
• 39,000 sexual assaults
• 1,300,000 affected children
• 6,000 fetal alcohol syndrome
• 660 children killed/injured
• 7,000 non-drinker injured by drink drivers
• 560 drink driving fatalities
• 1,250,000 alcohol related vandalism
• Binge drinking continues to escalate
• Some town centres allegedly becoming no go areas

109. That human (science) thinking is still completely locked inside the box can be illustrated by working with the fixed idea of the Big Bang and that everything that exists everywhere is based on the same physical laws. Laws are only descriptions of observations that appear to be successful and it can only be assumption or speculation that enables this to be accepted without challenge. The fundamental issue here is: a universe expanding into what? Space void? So, where does this space come from?


110. Can genetically modified produce adapt a species? Humans and animals are both carnivores and Humans omnivores. Neither has 'evolved' into another species. But this presupposes a long period for any adaptation to take place. The most likely target is the single egg/sperm cells. What is the sperm and why are so many present at fertilisation when only one is required?


111. The confused message interpretation when the body requires nourishment. It may be water and can be confused as hunger, but what is hunger? Clearly, something is required though for what reason? This could be sugar (carbohydrate) for an energy boost or protein for the unheard cry for tissue growth or repair. Fat levels may be reduced so biochemical processes are failing. Too little fat can be as dangerous as too much. The mind can confuse other perceptions, too. Is fear being felt or is it excitement?


112.Reasoned debate is becoming more urgently necessary as climate change and global warming issues continue to gather pace. The brakes must be applied to slow the engine before a disaster consumes all human life. Other animal life will inevitably survive since it has no driving motivation based on greed.


113. As Earth orbit radius inevitably increases, the 'year' gets longer. So began 360 days and as many degrees in a circle. Now distorted at 365.25 days/year. How long would this increase take?


114. Titius-Bode: the eighth planet (Neptune) is too close (30.1AU) to the Sun to fit the empirical formula. It should be 38.8AU, but can be explained as massive aerobraking dragged the outermost gas giant inwards and the momentum energy of the 'Moon' object was dissipated and lost.


115. Pluto may not fit as a solar system 'planet', but its presence must not be overlooked. It's orbit may be different though this may be an effect of AU distance. Electron orbits are defined differently depending on orbital-type. The 'captured' object whatever its origin does exist.


116. The boiling point of diamond is 4827 degC and graphite: 4200 degC. The temperature at the surface of the Sun (photosphere) is in the region of 6000degC.


117. The detail of the mechanics involved in genetics is highly complex, but the principle is surprisingly simple. An aircraft may be a very complex machine, but it does rely on straightforward principles to enable flight and actually operate as an aircraft. Regarding DNA, two halves of a very long amino acid chain (the alleles, one from the male and the other from the female) combine to form a single double length chain (zygote) that forms the template from which a human is produced. Or a different living animal, be it a fish or a bird or a cat depending on the template. The basic components are essentially the same. The chain is constructed from four basic blocks that are assembled in the most part in an identical way and the order in which a number of these units combine results in a different and unique sequence. Should several identical aircraft stand beside one another, they can each be made to appear quite unique simply by finishing in a different colour. A minor change can result in an apparently very different aircraft, although as aircraft they are all identical. In the case of animals (including humans), very minor differences at specific places within the template will result in individual creatures that are essentially the same. Not exact copies as in clones, but very, very similar.


118. Can two alleles, both from a female (or male), be forced to combine? Parthenogenesis.


119. It is estimated that 125,000 years ago the Antarctic temperature was some 6degs warmer than today (deep ice core analysis). The assumption is that the sea was warmer. If the latitude was further up towards the equator by virtue of continental ‘drift’ then warmer conditions would be met. Any change in the axial tilt of the Earth could be caused very simply by weight redistribution over the surface. The internal liquid (mantle) would not necessarily move in synchrony with the outside shell on which the (shifting) land resides. Continual imbalances are inevitable.


120. An effective and clandestine mouth swab source for DNA would be used cutlery. This would potentially be totally unknown to the subject.


121. The ecliptic plane somehow connects all planets and orbits. An overall retrograde direction may apply, but this defines a combination of orbital direction and the direction of axial rotation. A planet may circumnavigate the Sun, effectively upside down. If axial rotation were 'normal', then the orbital direction would be opposite. The gravitational influence of counter-orbiting bodies 'passing' each other at very high relative velocity would be enormous.


122. Uranus has a retrograde and not prograde rotation direction. This planet has been inverted: it's orbital direction remains the same, though it is 'upside down' and the axial angle is roughly perpendicular to the plane of orbit. This is possibly a result of a 'moon object' entering the solar system. Planet Neptune was the initial encounter with enormous aerobraking, so the consequence of the altered trajectory at reduced speed manifested differently for Venus.


123. Perversely, combustion of 'fossil fuel' releases both carbon dioxide and water and both of these are originally destroyed (or converted) to form the 'fossil fuel'.


124. The addition of salt to sea water could possibly be used to increase the concentration and extend use of solid salt. The roads could then be 'sprayed' with it. Have any studies been conducted to test such an idea?


125. Rate of melting increases as surface area is reduced, though surrounding heat input does not significantly change. Melting of ice formations appears to accelerate.


126. What is regarded as constituting 'life'? Consciousness? Plants and rocks are different, but...


127. The S-shape swimming stroke is critical to speed creation. Without resistance, any stroke is made in the same direction as already moving water and any resistance is reduced as the consequence. As the body rolls, this S-shape is translated into a vertical conformation. Pushing behind develops the power in the stroke and does not stress the shoulder joint. It is a similar principle to a slipstream. In some circumstances (running or car racing), a reduction in resistance will enhance motion, but swimming in water has the opposite effect. It is moving out of the slipstream that enhances progress by creating a relatively non-moving mass and collecting relatively 'still' water has the effect of removing this undesirable slipstream. An incorrect hand-entry angle and failure to 'keep the elbow high' and 'over-the-barrel' will increase drag as the forearm paddle (hand + forearm) pushes against the flow and doesn't cut through it.


128. The invention of the dark matter concept is an attempt to force fit data into a contrived theory. This demonstrates the absolute limit of human imagination. Similar to trying to describe the front and back of an image simultaneously. The brain cannot deal with it. The practice continues to massage a theory to make a better theory and in the process move away from a discredited idea and into another untested one. One that enables more cherry picked ideas to be associated with the untested theory.


129. The whole concept of the Big Bang theory is a real non-starter. The idea goes nowhere from nothing. That something is created from nothing is a conundrum. The matter in the universe is apparently very little, but how this can be assessed is completely unknown. If the Big Bang can ever be considered a credible concept, then what started everything rotating? If gravity is the consequence of rotation then this creates a Catch-22 scenario.


130. The unique wavelength of infra-red emitted from a heater is absorbed readily by the skin and provides warmth similar to an open fire. The heat is instant - no warm-up time and the heater warms people directly without the need to heat the air first.


131. The Federal Analog Act only applies to drugs intended for human consumption.


132. Glaciers melt and cause flooding, but change is not met by people moving to avoid the consequences. Instead action attempts to resist these consequences. Not winnable as mankind's ego presumes invincibility. The perception of a contest has already caused it to be lost.


133. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has been ongoing for some 50 years. No evidence of any potential contact has been found. The 50 year window is infinitesimally small compared to the accepted age of the Universe: around 13.75bn years. That any alien intelligence desiring 'to be found' has not been located is a remote possibility in any case, assuming any theories of the age of the Universe are anything near being 'correct'. An alien intelligence could illustrate wisdom by not responding and simply staying silent. Again, assuming a similarly Human psyche. Probably, an investigative look has already happened. It's incredibly naïve to presuppose any thinking is like the Human objective and any intelligence capable of responding would probably have already known about Earth. Another major assumption is that the advancements in sophistication has occurred in a similar time-scale to that on Earth. Even 400 years. And remove the restrictive ideologies of religion that have shackled any advancements to the past and there is little to provide any chance of alien interest. However, the Earth could provide numerous raw materials for an advanced intelligence with advanced technologies. The scope for any unknown (to an alien) ores would mean considerable 'scientific' examination. Perhaps collection and removal to the 'home planet' would define any possibility of a return if something useful was found.


134. Obliquity (Axial Tilt) And Climate Change.  The Earth does not orbit the Sun in a perfect circle or a regular elliptical track. Neither is the Sun in the middle.


135. Vaccines are given to children who are intrinsically healthy and free of illness and who also will have an under-developed immune system. A similar prophylactic scenario to statins given to healthy people with the aim of preventing a heart attack that may never happen anyway. This is forcing drug therapy onto well people who don't need it.


136. Monocular and binocular vision: mental focus of image and peripheral vision. Is the visual cortex more sophisticated to enable simultaneous up-down-behind vision with the depth perception of binocular vision?


137. Does cancer originate from a genome that is changing in subtle ways? Not obvious physiognomy, but physiological changes. This implies an heredity (familial) link to cancers. The concept of eating other animals may have endured for the lifespan of the 'human' carnivore, but in recent times altering the DNA of foodstuffs (GM) has potentially accelerated damaging changes. If the genetics of an individual remain unchanged, then uncontrolled replication of a renewed cell suggests addition of something that affects the regeneration. Cells age and replacement of a dying cell can at this point be interfered with.


138. Exercise and weight loss are sometimes quite confused and confusing. One extreme is the failure to eat: food denial. Depending on the food type consumed, the mix of protein, carbohydrate and fat will vary. Protein repairs tissue and builds muscle that has undergone the stress necessary for growth. Without stressing muscle, it will not adapt to deal with future demands. The more stress and subsequent growth, the more capable and efficient it will become. Carbohydrate is required to undergo energetic activities and such a raised level is a requirement to 'burn off' fat. If a certain level of intensity is not reached, fat stores will not be appreciably reduced. Fat will not be touched unless a minimum start-point of activity intensity is attained. Exercise regimes must be gradually 'ramped-up' to achieve this starting point. Maintenance of this level for at least 30 minutes daily will consume fat stores and a continued quality diet is essential to achieve permanent weight control. The exercise regime and a good nutrient (diet) intake will satisfy any realistc goals. Carbohydrate is an essential for weight control and failure to consume carbohydrate will not enable a sufficient exercise intensity to burn fat. Failure to eat properly will not achieve healthy weight control. Eat yourself thin is absolutely true and if this is not done properly then weight loss may be the result, but ill-health will surely follow.


139. The genetic make-up for individuals is truly unique. No two individuals can be alike. Only actual clones can do that where the genome is copied exactly. All 3 billion or so letters (nucleotides) in its code sequence from start to finish. Identical twins are very similar and even if the appearance traits do not reveal differences, an entire formative years 'lifetime' of experience every moment of that lifetime could never be duplicated. Someone who is 5' 9" tall can never be 6' in height. It's a genetic impossibility. Body mass potential is genetic, but even though the physical appearance can be affected, the individual's potential can never be altered. The body can and does store fat and its physical appearance can vary depending on diet, yet the original genetic potential still does not change. When excess fat is 'burnt off', either by diet or diet and exercise the original appearance will be restored. Eating habits are by definition psychological and to reduce an undesirable excess if body weight the brain must be engaged. The physiology and psychology of the individual complement each other and cannot be separated. Focusing on either one will still involve the other. An athlete must work on both the technique of the sport and nutrition. These techniques may be specific to the sport, but nutrition is a common factor regardless of the discipline. A runner, weightlifter or gymnast must still use quality foodstuffs since they are all human even though they are individuals with a different genetic make-up. Human physiology works in the same way for all humans. Sports specificity is unique to a sport and will vary between different sports, but whatever sport is adopted the human remains human. Any future genomic adaptation is in the realms of science fiction and science fantasy.


140 Use of statins: possibly for use only by those unable to exercise to safely raise the intensity sufficiently and increase blood flow rate. The heart is a muscle, but health issues may compromise efforts to effect change. The arterial fat (cholesterol) may possibly only be reduced by drugs. However, when drugs have lowered any fat build up that may cause blockages to blood flow, exercise should take the place of drugs, but only if advised by a doctor. Coming off statins is not a simple affair and is a major reason that they are potentially harmful in the longer term: potential (physical) dependency.


141. The ellipticity of an orbit is the measurement that defines the change in its shape from more circular to a further extremity in the one (long) axis. The duration of an orbit is assumed to be unchanged over the 100,000 year cycle, but that could never be verified. Were the origins of 360 degs (one revolution) discovered to be the length of a day deep in human history, then the extension of a year to its current 365.25 days would illustrate a longer orbit of 5.25 days and probably further way from the Sun. But that's pure speculation.


The conical 'slice' description that defines an ellipse requires the angle to tilt with its central location unchanged. This would then relate to the ecliptic of transit around the Sun and defines a deviation from planar. Only a degree or so would produce change and if the angle of axial tilt does not change, the appearance is that it does though the actual cause may be that the ecliptic has moved. The precession of the equinoxes may have its origins in the variation of the ecliptic plane. The obliquity of the Earth is the change in the apparent axial tilt angle (21.5 degs -> 24.5 degs). This could be the change in the ecliptic and not a precession. The observed effects would be indistinguishable. Each planet's ecliptic probably varies, though staying roughly in the same plane.


142. Much of the confusion surrounding diets is created by disinformation. This is to commonly peddle the diet. Diet is misunderstood by being interpreted as short-term. Diet is the long-term (life-term) overall eating regime. Even that sounds inflexible, but it is just a way of life. In moderation, no food type need be excluded. Simply consumed occasionally. What is damaging is when a poor food quality becomes incorporated as the staple diet.


A restricted carbohydrate intake should be more rigorously enforced than a small excess of fat unless the exercise level demands it. High intensity, especially if for long periods, requires sugars to enable it. Unused sugar (carbohydrate) converts to fat in the body for storage. Sugar storage capacity (as glycogen) is limited: liver and muscle. When used up it must be replaced or further work will be severely curtailed. The lower intensity aerobic rate then allows fat to be used as the energy source. Low intensity for long periods for fat combustion. Short periods of high intensity anaerobic work require carbohydrate. The distinction between a sprint and a 'jog'. A sprint is very short 'explosive' work and a jog can be very lengthy, but at a much lower intensity. A slow walk for several miles will consume fat almost exclusively. The rate of fat loss is also slow. Fat is a very efficient storage medium for large amounts of work. A lot more low intensity (sustained) work can be performed.


143. The exact match in human DNA between two individuals is considered impossible. Such a match legally defines the individual. Comparing two single and assumed unique samples uses between 10-13 different locations (loci), but in many places non-coding 'junk' DNA exists. The 'junk' is regarded as having no known function, though such sequences cannot be defined as useless. Only that the function is unknown. The fact that it is there suggests purpose though (currently) that cannot be explicitly verified.


A specific protein is synthesised from a gene and any such protein must be common to all humans. Otherwise humans would all function in different mutant forms, if at all, and a single genetic error can produce devastating effects. Particular traits (hair, eye, skin colour and individual physiognomy) all combine to differentiate individuals from each other, but as only visible differences don't generally affect physical function. Similar in principle to a stroke: brain tissue death in critical region can severely affect function. Elsewhere, no obvious damage may be evident.


144. SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) could easily be thwarted by keeping 'radio silence'. In warfare it is a standard practice when someone is assumed to be monitoring or listening-in.


145. The complexity and variety of life on Earth and the conviction and 'belief' of many that this planet is the only one in the Universe that houses any life (either less or more advanced) is amazing in its naïvety. That nowhere else has any life, but of the literally countless billions of suns... there is nothing? Statistically, this is absolute nonsense and logically, it does not stand-up to reason. The exclusivity to Earth is significant. Life may flourish on Goldilocks Earth, but it didn't start here. That defines its beginnings elsewhere in the past. This also suggests an absolutely older and, as a consequence, potentially more advanced origin. Some find that very disquieting and so religion flourishes. The belief in an unknown entity seems to be less worrying than accepting an alternative (currently unverifiable) explanation. It's the denial of 'God' by those who believe in 'God'. Very paradoxical.


146. Gravitational bending of light is the explanation for stars that can be observed during an eclipse of the Sun. They are behind the Sun. However, the brightness of the light could distort observation and give the appearance of a different location. Refraction.


147. Three colours are detectable by the human eye-brain system: yellow, green and violet. Light and consequently colour is not itself discrete though detection gives the appearance that it is. It is a continuous analogue waveform of a vast array of colours. Blending of primary colours yields interference patterns. Computer colour is discrete and digital, yet is incomplete compared to analogue. Even then much can still be missing and must depend on the limits of detection.


148. A taxiing jet will suddenly be heard when that engine points toward the observer. The same with light: only when head-on is light 'seen', but is otherwise not visible. Stray light reflected off atmospheric dust creates the illusion that this is untrue. Consider moonlight. Reflected glare reveals the presence of the Moon only. Moonlight isn't seen unless looking directly at the object or its light bounces off something (is reflected). The light remains invisible until something interferes with it.


149. Standing at a window half way up a tall building looking out at a (very) high rise block opposite, both the top and foot of the building are seen with the edges converging to distant points. At any height of the observer's location, the outside edges to right and left are parallel, yet up and down appear to be non-parallel. The same illusion potentially happens with light: light travels in straight lines and gravity does not need to be involved in 'bending' light even though the illusion of convergence can make it appear to be so. Straight lines in 2D become curves in 3D. An (imaginary) longitude line drawn on the Earth from the north polar axis point southwards forms a right angle at the equator. At the pole, a similar line at 90degs (east or west) to the first one descends to the equator bisecting it forming a right angle. The two parallel straight lines over a curved surface from the equator to the polar axis point converge in 3D or each of the three right angles (equator to pole and at the pole itself) describe a triangle over a curved surface. Curve of constant width. The 'flat' Earth illusion is caused by water (held by gravity) located over a curved surface.


150. Hot daytime, freezing cold night. Where? Equatorial desert regions. This is where the concept of climate change and global warming gets confused. It does not consider areas of winter deserts like the Gobi Desert.


151. Interpretations can be based on nothing more than a model. The seismic P-wave (pressure or primary) from earthquakes are claimed to move at up to 47,000km/h and can travel through the Earth, but are refracted by the boundaries between the mantle and inner and outer cores. Detection in certain locations relative to the earthquake is prevented according to this theory and the strength at different sites around the globe so provides insights into the Earth's interior. S-waves (shear waves) travel at half the speed of P-waves. Like the ripples through a shaken rope. They are rapidly damped (unlike P-waves) by the liquid metal mix of the outer core and so they are prevented from being detected at sites opposite the original earthquake. S-waves are generated from P-waves as they strike the inner core. Analysis of them has revealed key data about the innermost regions of the Earth. All this relies on unverifiable models. Similar to examining an inaccessible tumour by interpretation of scans. If the scan can eventually be compared with the actually excised physical lesion, it is possible to raise the quality of the original observation. Without testing the observation, caution must always be levelled against the interpretation against the model.


152. Connection between urinary infection and memory issues?


153. The loss of body fat is at its least visible at the outset, be it outside-in or inside-out. The outer suface of a sphere is the greatest surface area.


154. Puncturing the Earth's mantle would potntially be like damaging an arterial wall. The internal  pressure could cause an outflow of the entire contents of the inner Earth. A volcano eruption without end. Deepwater Horizon was an indicator on a miniscule scale of the potential disaster.


155. Light is similar in storage capacity to other forms of energy. Carbohydrate cannot be stored in a usable large amout and must first be converted into fat. Light cannot be stored, but must be converted into electricity for storage in a battery.


156. The values of pi (π) and phi are related and appear in the pyramid structure (a trigonometry property of pyramid dimensions). One-half the base (a =  ...144, 233, 377...) and the corresponding slope [hypotenuse] (h = ...233, 377, 610... ) provide the angle θ (144/233, 233/377, 377/610... a/h = a constant or 0.618). In terms of the trigonometric ratio, arcsin θ = 0.618 gives θ = 51.84º. The height (o) for a base pyramid base width of 754ft yields a x tanθ or height = 377 x 1.2729 = 489.9ft. The value of π = 4a/height (1508/479.9) = 3.142 and this always applies: eg a = 144 and h = 233 (a/h = 0.618) gives height as 233 x 1.2729 = 296.59ft or π = (233 x 4)/296.59 = 3.142. See Pi, Phi and Fibonacci Numbers.


157. If the spiral galaxy is essentially flat, then direction will affect distance.


158. If the universe is spherical and not just circular, then depending on the direction of rotation, the speed at various points will vary as for a sphere. Equatorial and fast or polar and slow. The peculiar concept of the Big Bang should form a spherical universe.


159. Conversion of nitrogen into ammonia with the enzyme vanadium nitrogenase. Molybdenum nitrogenase converts CO (with nitrogen excluded) into ethylene, ethane and propane.


160. How rigorous can any interactions in a  multi-drug regime be known? The biological response within the body to one drug may initiate some unknown effect:  genes can be 'switched-on' by other genes.


161. The engine power of a battle tank is around 1500bhp. As for the power for cars, should that be not enough?


162. The Big Bang seen from a more involved scene (existing inside) can simply be an exploding space object: a supernova.


163. Difference between centrifugal, centriptal and gravitational forces. Gravity has no physical tether, but the result is identical. The conservation principle (Newton) and the inclination to maintain a straight line is still prevented.


164. Gravity is the same for all locations at the same radius from the centre of an object. This produces layers of surfaces much like onion rings resulting in a spherical body.


165. Magnetic properties: iron oxide on the red surface of Mars must affect the effects.


166. Elliptic orbits and velocity at different positions are relative to the other planets.


167. The Fibonacci number is a mathematical (constant) description of a spiral. An extensively natural shape. The pyramids express this connection, but that does not necssarily connect with knowledge of the relationship. This simply observes a known (non-mathematical) relationship.


168. Friction within a moving object causes heat: if orbital motion could be captured, then heat creation would be essentially limitless.


169. The Big Bang Theory as a hypothesis can focus on the first few quadrillionths of a second or sooner of something that is proposed to have happened 5 billion years ago. Bizarre.


170. Wind turbines are positioned to rotate at 90degs to the air flow. Translation of motion needs to be geared like traction from a car engine to its wheels. A funnel can collect wind and vents can be used to divert excess pressure to control flow without interruption. Stopping a turbine on excessively windy days negates the purpose of the wind turbine since wind cannot be used. Considerable forces are still applied on the structure even though it is not producing energy. The use of wind is right, but the application is wrong. It is just a crude quick 'fix' to make a 'fast buck' by exploiting current projections of future needs. It provides a method for profiteering bankrolled (underwritten) by the people.


171. It is clear that in science circles, more often the term 'denier' supersedes 'skeptic'.


172. Apogee, perigee, aphelion, perihelion are all related to apsis.


173. How can ice survive in a vacuum? How cold must it be to prevent evaporation?


174. Lunar libration describes the Moon's 'wobble'. It's cause must be related to motion as it orbits about the Earth and the associated constantly changing trajectory and velocities. The influence of passing (distant) planets may have an effect (weak or strong).




175. The human genome has allegedly been mapped. What evidence is there to verify this 'fact'?


176. Ellipticity shape defines warm/cold periods. Long axis is further away from heat source and a short axis defines being closer (the Sun). This translates into colder winters/warmer summers as the distances change with the amount of ellipticity.


177. When the biological system is challenged to maintain a stable environment the immune system gets depressed. Does this explain what a 'cold' really is. Not an invasion by a virus, but just the organism attempting to cope. Are 'cold' symptoms no more than just that? The symptoms of change to stability.


179. Wind turbine convert horizontal movement to rotational. The funnel creates a spiral rotation in the same direction as the inflow. The orientation of the engine (dynamo) can be altered and the turbine itself left unmoved. The efficiency must be increased and all frictional load on the bearings is removed. The sails are not necessary to 'catch' the wind and valves can divert excess wind force away by 'bleeding off'.


180. Volume : surface area ratio controls planetary cooling.


181. The sequence 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 : 25 : 36 : 49 : 64 : 81... describes the decreasing height of a pyramid to its reducing weight (square function).


182. The issue of balance and hearing deficit with cranial nerve damage. Walking and any activity that requires directional change is problematic, yet the tumble-turn in swimming carries no orientation issues. This suggests the speed of response to direction change (spinning, turning) may be affected. However, the swimming technique is fast and still is not a problem. No detrimental effect to create a hazard, yet a standing spin-turn on land is not possible that allows any degree of personal safety.


183. The concept of the Big Bang defines the 'start'. There can, therefore, be nothing more distant than 13.7bn light years. The measurement of a distant object at 13bn light years raises the obvious question: how? On what premise can such a value ever be measured other than using completely untestable speculation. It also illustrates how tightly thinking is kept "in the box" and such questions just don't get asked. The box stays shut and everybody seems content. Science cannot ever be allowed to show doubt and is probably a reason that a new theory can so easily overturn the old ('conventional wisdom'). There is no gap between the old and its replacement. The new ideas slide seamlessly in to replace the old. And no room for doubt. This should scream caution, but... NO. Just unquestioning acceptance. Agreeing never challenges and tests beliefs.


184. Heat is drawn up a chimney and the less dense warm air is replaced by colder more dense air from beneath the column of warmer air. The result is an apparent down-draft. The question is: when does the temperature change between cold and warm air become noticeable?


185. Sap rising drawn up by the evaporation of water from the leaves.


186. The weight of air pushing down on the body is 14lbs/sq.in at sea level. It makes sense that creatures stand vertically to reduce pressure on the body from above. The simple act of lying down exposes the body to a greater burden of weight pressing down upon it (per unit area).


187. SETI predefines and assumes.


188. The most important concept to bear in mind is that science supports and confirms intuitive common sense. Not the other way around: using science to propose ideas that may not always be intuitive. This can mystify and confuse. This could easily be used as a propaganda weapon. Politicians are known to have inferred: 'you are too thick to understand...'


189. Double the propulsive force and speed will increase 4-fold, but this also defines the resistance when pushing against water. This is exactly the same effect as for cars or humans moving through air. And three times the speed yields 9 times the resistance an so on. Cars and petrol consumption should be considered in a similar way: the faster the vehicle then the greater the air resistance and the consequential fuel consumption.


190. For those couples who cannot conceive their own child, how does donation of an egg from a third party constitute having their own child. The egg donation brings with it the genome of another person and cannot be anything to do with the surrogate host? The recipient of the donation. The resulting child (if a successful pregnancy) can be nothing to do with the new 'mother'. Rather than a third party (surrogate) being impregnated with sperm (donated from an unrelated male) the infertile female receives a donated egg. In both cases the offspring cannot be 50:50 from the 'infertile' couple. Half the resulting genome is foreign and it can only be delusion that the child is their own 'total' production.


191. Heat is drawn up a chimney and the less dense warm air is replaced by colder more dense air from below and is 'pulled' up.. The result is an effective down-draught caused by an upward disturbance. The question is: when does the temperature change between cold and warm air become noticeable?


192. Sap rising drawn up by the evaporation of water from the leaves higher up.


193. The weight of air pushing down on the body is 14lbs/sq.in at sea level. It makes sense that creatures stand vertically to reduce pressure on the body from above. The simple act of lying down exposes the body to a greater burden of weight pressing down upon it.

194. SETI predefines and assumes.

195. The most important concept to bear in mind is that the science supports and confirms intuitive common sense. Not the other way around: using science to propose ideas that may not always be intuitive. This can mystify and confuse.

196. From the moment of conception, the growing foetus is feeding off its host (mother) as a typical parasite.

197. Do trees hibernate? Tree growth rings are periods of no growth or sap rising.

198. A problem with alcohol resembles the intake of food. The brain does not register satiety for something like 20-30 mins and neither is the effect of alcohol immediate. The result is the introduction of excess.


199. If sunlight is refracted by Earth's atmosphere during a lunar eclipse, why is red (refracted most) the only colour seen? Should not the other six colours of the spectrum ensure that Moon changes colours through red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet?